Vacuum electron components through electronic means in a vacuum or gas interact with the electromagnetic field would be a form of electromagnetic energy is converted to another form of electromagnetic energy devices. With vacuum sealing shell and a number of electrodes, pumped into a vacuum tube, residual gas pressure of 10-4 ~ 10-8 Pa. Some out of gas pipe, and then charge into the requirements of the gas composition and pressure. Widely used in broadcasting, communications, television, radar, navigation, automatic control, electronic warfare, computer terminal display, medical diagnosis and treatment and other fields.
Vacuum electronic components according to their function can be divided into the realization of direct current and electromagnetic energy oscillation between the conversion of static control tube; DC energy will be converted into a frequency of 300 MHz ~ 3000 GHz electromagnetic vibration energy of microwave tubes; The use of focused electron beam to achieve light signals records, storage, conversion and display of electron-beam tube; Photoemission phenomenon using the realization of the photocell photoelectric conversion; Produce X-ray X-ray tubes; Tube filling gas and generate gas discharge inflatable tube; To vacuum and gas particles stimulated emission mechanism for the work will be to enlarge the electromagnetic quantum vacuum, such as electronic devices.
Electrostatic control by changing the tube tube electrode potentials, so that each tube of the electric field between electrodes changes, and thus control of the electronic movement. Electrostatic control tube function is to achieve the DC energy and electromagnetic energy conversion between oscillation. In accordance with the number of tubes inside the electrode classification, can be divided into the diode, triode, tetrode, five diode, diode six, seven and octupole diode tubes, etc. category. Some tubes contain two parts or more parts, to become composite pipe, such as dual-diode, diode - transistor, the three most - such as five-diode. The main purpose is: radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, radio communications, radar, industrial heating and particle accelerators and so on. Microwave tube works in the microwave band vacuum electronic devices. DC energy used to convert the frequency of 300 MHz to 3000 GHz electromagnetic vibration energy, including the M-type backward wave tubes, direct klystron, reflex klystron, O-type backward wave tubes, etc., and the roundabout. Microwave gas discharge tube will usually also classified as a class of microwave tubes. Microwave tubes used mainly for radar, television, microwave communications, navigation, electronic countermeasures, remote telemetry, industrial heating and particle accelerators and so on. Electron-beam devices in electron beam devices, through the formation and control of the weak electron beam to achieve a wide range of signal conversion functions, especially between the signals and optical signal conversion. Various types of electron-beam devices are widely used in measuring instruments, radar, television cameras and imaging, television, fax, computer terminal display, medical and other fields. Optoelectronic devices using photoemission phenomenon, the optical signal into electrical signals, or will not be visible radiation image into a visible image (changed as tubes) and the weak visible image brightness enhancement (image intensifier tubes). Mainly used in automatic control, astronomical research, nuclear physics, fax communications, laser detection, space research, such as night vision. Instructions vacuum tube used to signal into the number of characters, such as optical signals are displayed, including fluorescent digital tubes, fluorescent tubes, etc. instructions. For testing instruments, information display equipment, receiving equipment and other displays. X-ray tube used to produce X-ray tube. It is to DC to become X-ray energy. Used for medical diagnosis, treatment, non-destructive testing parts, material structure analysis, spectral analysis. In biology used to determine the molecular structure of the complex. Inflatable tube gas discharge based on the principle of vacuum electronic devices. Manufacturing, the first shell pumped into a vacuum tube, and then charge a certain amount of income, specific components of the gas. In accordance with the purposes can be divided into rectifier, regulator pipe, tube, pipe and other code. Widely used in radar, communications, automatic control, radiation measurement, display, industrial transport and other fields. Quantum vacuum to vacuum electronic devices for the working conditions of quantum electronics devices. In such devices, stimulated particles interact with electromagnetic waves, generated by stimulated emission of radiation, electromagnetic waves will be enlarged. Mainly include the free-electron maser, molecular maser, quantum frequency standard device. Solid-state devices with the relationship between the low-power static control tube solid-state devices due to competition, since the 60s since the sharp drop in the volume of their production. Low-frequency, low-power microwave tube production, also showed a downward trend. However, compared with solid-state devices, vacuum electronic devices with a power capacity of the salient features. High-frequency, high power vacuum in the field of electronic devices will continue to be the position. Various types of electron-beam devices and optoelectronic devices, though the competition faced by solid-state devices, but still widely used and the near future development. Vacuum electronic devices with solid-state devices each other, resulting in a number of new electronic devices. Since the 20th century, after the 60s, many vacuum electronic devices have been gradually replaced by solid-state electronic devices, but in high-frequency, high power fields, vacuum electronic devices still have considerable vitality, while the electron beam tubes and phototube still widely used and developed.
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